Islamic Political Economy in National Development

GMGF5324 POLITICAL ECONOMY ASSIGNMENT: ISLAMIC POLITICAL ECONOMY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PREPARED FOR: DR. KAMARUDDIN ABDULSOMAD PREPARED BY: FATIN HANANI BINTI TARMIDZI 1. WHAT KIND OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HE WAS MENTION? 2. WHAT APPROACH HE DISCUSS IN HIS TALK? 3. YOU COMMENTS? â€Å"The Economic Philosophy of National Development† is the title of what has been introduced by Lt. Kol. Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak Chin. He had clarified a great deal of splendid thoughts on political, national turn of events, mercantilism, Islamic idea and furthermore Islamic political financial so as to build up the nation.First of all, what is monetary way of thinking that significant so as to accomplishing the national turn of events? What is theory that he had clarified in his discussion and what sort of reasoning that had be the principle key these days? As indicated by Lt. Kol. Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak Chin, theory by and large is reasoning is that part of information which identifies with the idea of eternality. Other than that, with reasoning that we had use, we will attempt to discover reality and make progress. Al-Farabi (339H-950M) had clarified that way of thinking with regards to the adoration for insight or knowledge, and furthermore become line to each part of science.In expansion, al-Farabi additionally alludes astuteness as makrifullah †an approach to know God. In light of my understanding, theory is a reflexive inquiry in the triple sense: it is about way of thinking, it is raised by logicians themselves and, to wrap things up, it speaks to an old and troublesome philosophical issue. This numerous reflexivity is the motivation behind why attempting to discover what reasoning is unavoidably becomes a method of managing theory as well as really the method of doing reasoning. When we begin talking about way of thinking we can't scape its scholarly grasp. At that point, he likewise specifies in his discussion that the human needs are no constraint. Human will pic k up and gain everything that they need as long as they can accomplish their main goal, target and so forth. Besides, he had clarified about national improvement that had been a primary concern in his discussion. National advancement alludes to the procedure of national turn of events and to lead a supportable degree of fixes and improvement. National improvement is additionally exceptionally worried about the monetary advancement alludes to the list per capita.If the record of per capita pay at consistent rate outperformed the national populace development rate, which means spot of consistent financial development and the outcome is the advancement of the nation. In his discussion, he has center around Islamic political economy in national turn of events. He has clarified about the element of Islamic turn of events. So as to accomplish national advancement in term of Islam, we have to concentrate on the three primary concerns. There are dharuriyyat (fundamental products), hajiyyat (agreeable), and kamaliat/tahsiniyyat (extravagance needs). These three central matters should base on syarie or Islamic law.Based on my understanding, we have to adjust and rises to building up the country dependent on Islamic law and furthermore consider the resident needs and intrigue. As a pioneer and elites itself, the government assistance of the resident significant incorporates the economis, public activity, medicinal services, training and so on. Without the resident particularly white collar class and laborers who are the specialists of society and administering the establishment or nation, it might influence the nation and the financial. It implies without them particularly the residents itself; government can't move and execute their policy.It likewise may influence the national turn of events. Consequently, I can perceive how relate the idea of Islamic with national turn of events. Without the connection or blend of national improvement in Islamic idea, there are numero us issues that nation to comprehend. As per Lt. Kol. Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak Chin, explicitly, a comprehension of the economy is fitting accentuation to the issue of how individuals use assets and components of creation to accomplish prosperity (government assistance) life (falah) in this world and the hereafter.Thus, there are seven center zones of the economy to supplement the government assistance of people, networks and countries. * Economic movement dependent on sincere goals and purposes. * Reasonableness compulsory on Kifayah. * Business world without bargaining herafter. * Avoid illicit exchanges (haram) and syubhah. To wrap things up, mercantilism is monetary patriotism to construct a well off and ground-breaking state. Adam Smith begat the term â€Å"mercantile system† to portray the arrangement of political economy that tried to enhance the nation by controlling imports and empowering exports.The objective of these approaches was, as far as anyone knows, to accomplis h a â€Å"favorable† parity of exchange that would carry gold and silver into the nation and furthermore to keep up household work. As opposed to the farming arrangement of the physiocrats or the free enterprise of the nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years, the commercial framework served the interests of shippers and makers, for example, the British East India Company, whose exercises were ensured or empowered by the state.The fundamental suggestion of Mercantilism is that the state should expect to expand it's riches through single direction exchange with different nations, augmenting fares and downplaying imports. The creating nations are paying off debtors due to letalknding approaches with intrigue that they can't take care of, the formed nations send out products into these nations while making it difficult for the creating nations to trade their own merchandise consequently. The more extravagant are getting more extravagant and the less fortunate are getting l ess fortunate. This is what's going on now.This is mercantilism. My Comments In my supposition, Lt. Kol. Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak Chin has clarify insights concerning the Islamic discernments on national turn of events. He has clarify base on Islamic idea that incorporates world and in the future (akhirah). He likewise has depicted the Islamic idea and hypothesis dependent on a couple of Islamic masterminds thought. For example, the supportability in the nation ought to follow the Islamic ideas. Residents have their own privileges and opportunity, and they additionally the individuals that expansion the national monetary and development.Hopefully, I can join this Inaugural Professional Talk again next time. An extremely splendid and proficient talk by an informed level like Prof. what's more, Dr introduced during that time and all the postgraduate up-and-comers need to go to pick up information and experience. Much obliged to you to Dr Kamaruddin in light of the fact that allow me to g o to that discussion a week ago. Ideally, I will snatch the chance and keep it as my extraordinary second go to the discussion with exceptionally unique conditions and condition. Being around teacher makes me to be an instructor or government workers in future!

The Role of Culture in Gospel Communication

Presentation Culture helps in characterizing an individual’s personality. It shapes every human idea. Various discussions have endeavored to investigate the effects of culture on an individual’s formative features.1 Culture triggers the sign of character that gives the people their introduction and orientation.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Role of Culture in Gospel Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This speculation holds that if a similar individual is raised under an alternate situation, he/she may at last show an alternate personality altogether.â In entirety, various societies indicate decent variety, which is a rousing operator in all learning ideas including yet not constrained to gospel correspondence. Assorted variety fuses various highlights among people including ethnicity, financial, language, and sex, direction, just as those with unique needs, and the gifted.2 With expanded globalization, the congregation condition should be receptive to decent variety for differed gatherings to communicate and put forth a valiant effort. Decent variety welcomes on board various people with qualities and shortcomings that coordinate to give balance of normalized execution. Strict pioneers have an obligation to make assorted variety work for them just as for the individuals from their chapels. In addition, with decent variety, the supporters can reclaim their shortcomings and release their possibilities to affect on their correspondence limit. Culture as the premise of assorted variety in the congregation Diversity is the premise of improved learning. The establishment of the congregation comes from individuals of assorted foundations. Varying directions are one of a kind components that the congregation can display to use people to offer their excellent abilities.3 Gospel correspondence looks to connect with human potential to release their absolute best. Successful clerical structu re typifies the standards of culture. Obviously, a component of correspondence, for example, shared comprehension and association among individuals of various foundations is necessary.4 Diversity invigorates humankind. It opens up the congregation to investigate the gospel as various people concoct different encounters. Moves in the segment patterns suggest that the houses of worship should hold on for much heterogeneous gatherings to guarantee everybody participate in the commitment of the gospel. It is no uncertainty that foundations with progressively assorted groupings are impressive focuses that ensure more prominent gospel correspondence. Culture speaks to human exercises and extraordinary structure plans that represent the significance of a particular strategy, conduct, or direction. Despite the fact that culture is immaterial, it directs unmistakable things, for example, food, design, dress, and different types of workmanship, which regularly structure the objectives, missio ns, and targets of organizations.Advertising Looking for explore paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More generally, culture speaks to the mind boggling marvels that manages learned human practices, qualities, and aptitude designs. Basically, culture has a more prominent effect in the exhibition of the congregation to convey the gospel. Culture as a motivation for more noteworthy execution Cultural direction in the houses of worship is a motivator for execution since it ensures an increasingly broad gospel correspondence and improved student base. As places of worship become increasingly different, students too become progressively powerful, particularly in speaking with various student subgroups and fluctuated instructive facilitators.5 fundamentally, this gives a bit of leeway to the congregation over its strict bodies that are not assorted. As there is a well known supposition that assorted schools yield amazing outcomes, examine approves that heterogeneous strict groupings typically offer a wide range of thoughts with key arrangements that target illuminating different worries that besets gospel communication.6 Notably, Diversity exists at whatever point various gatherings bring their various foundations and encounters together. Overseeing social decent variety in the places of worship involves benefiting from the different assets accessible just as the assorted social encounters for improved gospel correspondence. Working with social contrasts in the congregation indicates managing assorted groupings. Utilizing the information on assorted variety to deliver execution For the congregation to utilize the information on social decent variety to create better outcomes, Coleman opines that three significant variables are held. All-round various students and training facilitators must have fluctuated capacities, abilities sets, qualities, and shortcomings to make them div erse.7 Whenever various individuals meet up, they gain copiously both from the complementarities and the analysis from different individuals who hold disparate suppositions as opposed to theirs. Instruction is tied in with learning and encountering something new, thus individuals with various social directions deliver another method of speeding up gospel correspondence. With more noteworthy social direction to numerous goals that originate from social assorted variety, people will consistently need to consummate on all that they do, henceforth improving execution. Decent variety, as per Coleman, accompanies dissimilarities that portray people, and to beat such dissimilarities, people need to change in accordance with arrive at a balance that sets the exhibition structure.8 As various gatherings coordinate, they figure out how to grasp one another.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Role of Culture in Gospel Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More simultaneously, they pad their dissimilarities to arrive at an agreement. The congregation seeks after various societies to make people supplement each other to make them the goals of the gospel itself. Social direction means globalization of gospel correspondence With the expanded globalization of the congregation, just as the consistently stretching out need to work viably with socially various gatherings, houses of worship are confronting new yet normal difficulties in satisfying the needs of gospel communication.9 The difficulties that perplex gospel tutelage incorporate yet not constrained to correspondence issues, managing negative ethnicity, dynamic, reactions and differences just as the issue of deciphering the regularly changing church condition. Numerous authorships mean the advantages of reserving information reservedly for venturing up the fundamental procedures for routinely intelligent social association that manage intercultural correspondence and hierarchical conduct. Defenders of a globalized church utilize solid models fit for enlightening the basic mental ideal models that have a vital impact in powerful intercultural associations inside and across different social orientations.10 Diverse groups face individual and aggregate differences that pull for institutional accentuation. Institutional accentuation means an individual’s status and significance just as the conduct comparative with social foundations and sex possibilities. The substance of gospel correspondence gives wise records from which standard perusers and church pioneers can learn and develop, as opposed to constantly be tested by intercultural contrasts that describe various groups. Social direction shows the acknowledgment of gospel correspondence by the congregation at home and away. Gospel correspondence is both a convincing perused just as a shrewd record that planned for culminating the religious jobs in dealing with social contrasts successfully in the congregation. Culture typifies group learning process Working in groups ensures an engrossing just as useful talk on zones of noteworthy premiums to the groups involved.11 furthermore, working with groups recommends the chance of supporting and building a powerful understudy discovering that ensures the conveyance of gospel communication.12 Within these contemplations, the congregation motivates people to fill in as a group. People who support collaboration demonstrate a readiness to reevaluate their needs and create each other inside sizes of learning. Group activity additionally moves singular improvement with a vivacious move group culture that assembles structures to mix relational connections. Cautious perception of group activity uncovers that individual colleagues can deliberately distinguish indispensable territories to take a shot at and further move an inch to impact the arranged action.Advertising Searching for explore paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Basically, the group activity learning venture gives a chance to accomplish the specified group targets while simultaneously determining the ideal gospel correspondence outcomes. Even inside the congregation, group activity learning venture utilizes cooperation restoration procedure and an individual’s social direction that advises gospel correspondence. There is nothing more reassuring to groups than when the undertakings viable offer difficulties to each person at an individual level. Through such difficulties, people are free to give their perspectives, and all the while, such difficulties shape their gospel preparing and dynamic abilities. Group based activities give reason and offer gospel learning activity a chance to motivation to function as a group and learn together. Through cooperating as a group, individuals from the congregation incorporate activity learning way to deal with actualize successfully the deliberately chosen venture activities that require the essen tial basic great of everybody and the momentous accomplishment of an undertaking. Group activity makes it feasible for individuals to recognize the way that there is perfect reason in filling in as a group, which converts into successful understudy le

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Example Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Example Paper Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Introduction Romeo and Juliet is an epic romantic tale that peaks in catastrophe. The story follows two sweethearts from restricting families throughout two days, and it highlights numerous exciting bends in the road that consistently causes the crowd to remain alert. As I would like to think, Romeo and Juliet is one of William Shakespeare’s most noteworthy plays. It highlights love, disaster, satire, activity and an exemplary story that will never be forgotten.During this exposition I will talk about the interests that are in this play, and how they include. Are interests perilous, and do they should be controlled? Or on the other hand are interests what make life worth living, and without them the world would be dull and trivial? I will talk about both these inquiries, and attempt to arrive at a conclusion.Every character encounters an enthusiasm during the play. Romeo and Juliet clearly both feel love, however they feel different interests, for example, outrage, pity and wrath. For exam ple, Romeo feels outrage when Tybalt has murdered Mercutio. â€Å"Alive, in triumph! furthermore, Mercutio killed! Away to paradise, separate lenity, and fire-looked at anger be my direct now!† is the thing that Romeo says when he eyes Tybalt after the murdering. This shows how furious Romeo is at Tybalt. Beforehand, Romeo was talking in thoughtfulness to Tybalt, disclosing to him he cherished the Capulet. Tybalt didn't yet have the foggiest idea about that Romeo and Juliet were currently a couple, and wished to battle the man of the hour. Romeo declined, and Mercutio ventured forward. Mercutio was slaughtered in battle, and Romeo lost control. In his wrath, he murdered Tybalt. This is a vital crossroads in the play in light of the fact that the battle brought about Romeo being expelled from Verona.Yet, as Romeo feels such resentment at a certain point, he feels much loveduring another. â€Å"Oh, she doth show the lights to consume splendid! Her magnificence hangs upon the c heek of night, as a rich gem in an Ethiop’s ear† is the thing that Romeo says after observing Juliet at the Capulet party. This not just shows that Romeo thinks Juliet is totally excellent; it likewise carries some verse to the play. All through the scenes, Shakespeare figures out how to include numerous bits of verse into the play, which gives the scene that little additional enchantment. This statement likewise features how enthusiasm is essential at the correct minutes. In the event that there were no enthusiasm during this scene, the scene would be pointless.I figure it might be important now that since the couple met, they have never held a genuine discussion. I think it is amusing how the two can disclose to one another they love each other when they have never discussed their characters or lives. At whatever point Romeo and Juliet meet, all they ever talk about is the means by which they love one another and need to remain togetherJuliet has a wide scope of feeli ngs and interests all through the play. She additionally feels bliss, yet in addition feels trouble and profound distress. â€Å"Is there no pity sitting in the mists that sees into the base of my grief?† is the thing that Juliet talks when she finds that she should wed Paris, despite the fact that she is hitched to Romeo. However she can't disclose to her folks she is hitched, as they can never realize she is offering her life to a Montague. I think she additionally feels outrage towards her family now as well. She can't be with her adoration in view of the families’ trivial fight and she needs it to end. It is significant that Shakespeare never uncovers why the families fight. I accept he does this since he needs to cause the crowd to feel that the resentment they bear against one another is so old, neither one of the families recall why they battle. I think this demonstrates furious interests do should be controlled, as they can have perilous consequences.Sadness in cludes regularly in this play. Most characters feel trouble at some phase in the play. Indeed, ironicly potentially the best romantic tale at any point composed highlights such a large number of negative emotions. Perhaps Shakespeare needed to show us something love; love can just prompt agony. While numerous beneficial things originate from affection in this play, everything in the long run prompts the deplorability of Romeo and Juliet kicking the bucket. One could accuse their demises for the families battling, however they could never have passed on in the event that they had not been in love.The crowd consistently realized that the play would end in trouble and catastrophe. In the introduction the crowd is disclosed to â€Å"A pair of star-cross’d darlings take their life†, uncovering that both Romeo and Juliet execute themselves. In this manner, all through the play the crowd consistently has on their brains that the couple will murder themselves before the finish of the play. In any event, when the crowd ought to be cheerful that Romeo and Juliet are infatuated, they generally realize that it will end in death. I figure Shakespeare does this to keep the topic of catastrophe running in the play, even at the most joyful of moments.In complexity to numerous different characters, Mercutio’s character seldom changes. At each appearance during the play, in any event, prompting his demise, Mercutio is clever and beguiling, his language loaded up with sexual remarks. In any case, during Mercutio’s demise scene his words become lethal genuine. When Mercutio first shows up, he is going with Romeo, Benvolio, and companions to the Capulet party. Mercutio discusses everything the dismal, miserable Romeo says and helps up the mind-set with his mind. His playful character stands out forcefully from Romeo’s despairing. He counters Romeo’s each grievance with remark that will undoubtedly make the crowd grin. It is likewise unexpe cted how Romeo is the primary character and saint of the story yet the attention is consistently on Mercutio at whatever point the chipper character is around.Mercutio passes on in a truly vital manner. He and Tybalt are dueling, and Mercutio is doing well overall. However Romeo absurdly mediates and Mercutio is killed. It is far from being obviously true that if Romeo had never impeded the duellists, Mercutio would have likely won the duel. Be that as it may, Romeo’s recently discovered love for the Capulet family blinded him and every one of that was at the forefront of his thoughts was halting the battle, regardless of what the expense. This clearly demonstrates interests do should be controlled in certain circumstance, as they can prompt this. Be that as it may, if the characters interests were controlled this scene would not exist. On the off chance that they were controlled there would be no indignation felt toward one another accordingly this experience would have been avoided.When Romeo reveals to Mercutio that the injury isn't profound, Mercutio answers: â€Å"No, ’tis not as profound as a well, nor so wide as a congregation entryway; yet ’tis enough, ’twill serve†. This time, Mercutio’s mind is joined by a revile on the two families. The injury is just little, yet is sufficient to murder him. He says â€Å"A plague o’ both your houses!† ordinarily before he bites the dust. This shows in any event, when Mercutio has been clever and enchanting, he is irate with the families in view of their silly column. As Mercutio is one of the audience’s most loveable characters, this drives the crowd mad with the families for such an absurd quarrel, that can prompt such consequences.From Mercutio’s demise, the play’s disaster doesn’t stop. An indispensable character from the play is executed, and this triggers the disaster. From this second on, nothing happens that is commended. Num erous individuals are furious with Shakespeare for executing off such a sprightly and significant character part of the way through the play. I concur with them.The monk is a dear companion to both Romeo and Juliet. The Friar consents to wed Romeo and Juliet in mystery, however he realizes their folks would not assent. He likewise devises the arrangement for Juliet to play dead and should get the word out to Romeo. He comes up short. I can't resist the opportunity to see that everything that the Friar contacts goes wrong.I accept that the Friar’s enthusiasm is to bring the two quarreling families together. This is the reason he weds the two star crossed darlings as he accepts that it will bring the two families closer together.Romeo welcomes the Friar â€Å"Good morrow, father†, and Friar Lawrence reacts by calling Romeo â€Å"Young son†. In spite of the fact that these trades are suitable in light of the strict setting, this exchange has more noteworthy signifi cance. It isn't only the trade between the minister and the humble. The Friar likewise subs for Romeo’s own dad since there are no scenes among Romeo and his folks. The Friar is the main individual to whom Romeo turns for counsel, and he is the last individual to whom Juliet turns after all others have spurned her. In this sense, he is father to them both and liable for maintaining order.The Friar is consistently there to solace and help the two darlings, particularly Romeo. One section that stands apart is in the Friar’s cell, when Romeo has quite recently been ousted. Romeo is having a fit of rage, and is extraordinarily disturbed that he has been isolated from Juliet and reasonable Verona. The Friar discloses to Romeo this: â€Å"O destructive sin! O discourteous unthankfulness! Thy issue our law calls demise; yet the thoughtful Prince, Taking they part, hath rush’d aside the law, and turn’d that dark word â€Å"death† to â€Å"banishment.â₠¬  This is cherished leniency, and thou seest it not.† The Friar is disclosing to Romeo that he ought to be appreciative and fortunate to at present be alive. Now, The Friar berates Romeo, and requests that he quit crying and acting like a young lady. From this scene it is clear to perceive any reason why The Friar is viewed as a dad figure to Romeo, as he is stating everything a dad would state to his kid in such a situation.However, despite the fact that he is viewed as a dad figure, a significant number of his thoughts go amiss. He is the individual to propose that Juliet should counterfeit her demise, along these lines prompting Romeo’s passing. This was clearly a strange thought from the beginning, one that could never work. I think the Friar has a steady energy, one that is to attempt to coordinate Romeo and Juliet. This demonstrates interests should be smothered and c

Entrepreneurs Essay Download Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1471 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction As economies continue to integrate due to globalisation and formally closed economies like India and China march toward total liberalisation, entrepreneurship is on the increase. A close analysis of developed and industrialised economies indicates a common denominator that stands out amongst all of them. This is the most important role played by entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in such economies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Entrepreneurs Essay Download Pdf" essay for you Create order This phenomenon has proved to us that if an economy is to develop fully, entrepreneurship should be allowed to flourish. Therefore it is the objective of this paper to critically analyse the impact of entrepreneurs in any given economy. In this paper the writer will identify and discuss the many benefits afforded to an economy through entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship and the disadvantages of the same and draw conclusions on the overall impact of the entrepreneurs. Innovation Individuals often resort to entrepreneurship for one of the following reasons; they find a market niche and have the solution to profit from such niche; they have been unable to find suitable employment or a suitable means of income and therefore have resorted to using their creativity to generate an income for themselves; or they have the technological know-how and the financial resources (or able to source all of the above) necessary to generate income by satisfying a need in the marketplace. Irrespective of which of the above led an individual to become an entrepreneur it is clear that innovation and creativity is the driving factor and therefore, it can be stated that the biggest impact of entrepreneurs to an economy is the innovative contribution that they make. Job Creation As stated in the previous section, one of the main reasons that individuals tend to become entrepreneurs is because they are unable to find suitable jobs. As a result, by being enterprising, creative and finding a market niche, not only are they able to generate an income for themselves but also to employ other individuals in their business operations. Therefore, one of the most positive impacts that entrepreneurs make on an economy is job creation and the reduction of unemployment levels. In developed countries we see that almost 40 – 50% of the workforce are employed in small and medium scale business enterprises that were started up by very enterprising individuals. Likewise in countries like India, we see that millions of women have been able to pull their families out of poverty through self-employment and entrepreneurship that has been made possible by different Non-Governmental Organisations and due to the availability of such resources through micro finance etc . Africa is another good example of small scale entrepreneurs helping to reduce poverty and helping many to avoid destitution. Therefore based on everything that has been stated above it is apparent that entrepreneurs can cause a great degree of impact on an economy through job creation and income generation. Increased Competition Another positive impact of entrepreneurship on an economy is the increasing level of competition as new entrepreneurs join the fray in existing domestic markets. While one may venture to say that this will only lead to market saturation, the upside of such a phenomenon is that it causes all the players in the market to re-evaluate their operational capabilities, increase value addition, lower costs and become more efficient. Thus it can be stated that competition reduces the likelihood of monopolies and oligopolies in the marketplace and is beneficial to the customer and the economy as a whole. Increased Productivity One of the advantages of increased competition in an economy is that individuals and firms continue to source methods that can better improve their operations, use resources more efficiently and most importantly reduce costs while adding value. All this often results in an increase in productivity in an economy and an increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), which is indeed a benefit for the economy. While opponents tend to state that when productivity increases the unemployment can often increase, thus reducing the positive impacts, it is the opinion of the writer that increased productivity leading to increased unemployment will then cause more individuals to be creative, find niche markets, become entrepreneurs and begin generating more employment opportunities, thus re-inventing the wheel and driving the economy forward. New Markets As stated in the previous section increased competition in the marketplace can cause saturation and as a result many entrepreneurs maybe driven to seek new markets for their products and services or adapt market penetration tactics. Either way such a phenomena of increased competition, which ultimately causes individuals to look for new markets, can be considered as a positive impact on the economy. Therefore, entrepreneurs can be considered to play a very important role in the economy. As integration of economies continues due to globalisation, entrepreneurs often tend to look for markets that are outside of their domestic sphere thus generating foreign revenue and increasing the prosperity of the economy as a whole. While this may be a very simplistic explanation of the impact that entrepreneurs make on an economy, it is also safe to say that the employment generation, increased competition, market expansion, market penetration and sourcing new markets all result in income generation that ultimately help an economy to become more prosperous, drawing millions out of poverty and generating funds for social welfare activities that ultimately uplift the living standards of its citizenry. Negative Impacts of Entrepreneurs The single largest negative impact of entrepreneurs on an economy is the plundering of resources, which can have a disastrous effect on the environment. While such negative impacts are mitigated to some extent in developed economies due to the enforcement of environmental protection standards and regulations, this is not the case in developing economies. Further entrepreneurship requires a certain degree of business knowledge and know how, without which entrepreneurial ventures can often fail, which can also cause many financial hardship that in extreme cases can even lead to destitution. Social Entrepreneurship Today we see the realm of social entrepreneurship growing exponentially which is a very positive sign and has helped to draw millions out of poverty, decrease unemployment, decrease the number of people dependent on social welfare and all in all uplift the living standards and quality of life of millions. Further social entrepreneurship initiatives are also often seen as ‘green initiatives that take into consideration the impact on the natural environment and therefore strives to keep this at a minimum. This increases awareness about such issues, avoids the plundering of natural resources and conserving the environment wherever possible. Therefore, it can be stated that the negative impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy can be mitigated to some extent through social entrepreneurship. Conclusion Based on everything that has been discussed above it is apparent that the positive impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy, far outweigh the negative impacts. Job creation, reduction in unemployment levels, increased competition, opening new markets, increasing productivity, foreign income generation and poverty alleviation are some of the positive impacts that entrepreneurs have on an economy. However, this is not to say that there are no negative impacts such as the wastage and plundering of resources, yet taken as a whole it is apparent that the entrepreneurs positively impact an economy. Bibliography Assudani, R. H. (2009). ‘Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Distinct Role of Ties. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(2), pp. 197 206. Boissin, J., Branchet, B., Emin, S., Herbert, J. I. (2009). ‘Students and Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study of France and the United States. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(2), pp. 101 – 105. Butler, J. S. Kozmetsky, G. (Eds.). (2004). Immigrant and Minority Entrepreneurship: The Continuous Rebirth of American Communities. Westport, CT: Praeger. Dheeriya, P. L. (2009). ‘A Conceptual Framework for Describing Online Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(3), pp. 275 281. Frith, K., Mcelwee, G. (2009). ‘Value-Adding and Value-Extracting Entrepreneurship at the Margins. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(1), pp. 39 41. Harman, J. (2008, February). ‘Successful Social Entrepreneurship: the Case of the Eaglehawk Recycle Shop. Journal of Services Research pp. 201 203. Harper, D. A. (2003). Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. New York: Routledge. Hart, D. M. (Ed.). (2003). The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Up, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Light, P. C. (2009, Summer). ‘Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 7, pp. 21 23. Menkhoff, T. Gerke, S. (Eds.). (2002). Chinese Entrepreneurship and Asian Business Networks. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Nicholls, A. (Ed.). (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press. Parnell, J. A., Lester, D. L. (2007). ‘Reevaluating the Entrepreneurship-management Conundrum: Challenges and Solutions. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 12(4), pp. 74 77. Wasilczuk, J., Zieba, K. (2008). ‘Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies: The Case of Poland. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21(2), pp. 153 155. Welsch, H. P. (Ed.). (2003). Entrepreneurship: The Way Ahead. New York: Routledge. Williams, C. C. (2009). ‘Beyond Legitimate Entrepreneurship: The Prevalence of Off-the-Books Entrepreneurs in Ukraine. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(1), pp. 55 61.

International Regulation Of Copyright Law Essay - 1687 Words

1) Introduction: Trademark: Trademark recognizable features, expression, or other symbol that indicates a particular product or service, and legally it apart from all other products. It also serves to only identify the product or service from a particular company, and the recognition of ownership of the company brand. The protected products are generally considered to be a form of property. Most countries have agencies through which companies can have their products with trademarks. One of the main goals of a product is protected to protect the product from used without the permission of the original society. Most countries have patent laws that are designed to defend against patent breach. International regulation of copyright is much more complex, because there is no universally recognized Patent Office Patent: A patent is basically a government license which provides the holder the exclusive right to process, design or new invention for a specific time period. Patent applications are usually handled by government agencies. You can use a patent to protect his invention. It provides you the opportunity to take legal steps against anyone who makes, used, sold or imported without your permission. To obtain a patent, your invention must be all of the following: †¢ Something that can be used or †¢ New †¢ Inventive - not just a simple modification of something that already exists You cannot patent the invention, certain types, including: †¢ way of doingShow MoreRelatedThe Intellectual Property Rights Of The North American Country856 Words   |  4 PagesRights In a general term, intellectual property is any person’s human intellect, which is often protected by law, in order to safeguard its use from another person. The possession of such kind of property generates limited monopoly in the safeguarded property. Intellectual property can be subdivided into copyrights, patents, trademark and trade secrets (Intellectual Property Rights, 2014). The law protects the Intellectual Property so that the people who created and invented the property can get appreciationRead MoreThe Rights Of The Sound Maker1575 Words   |  7 Pagesfixation. If the sound recordings are published before the copyright expires, the term application is seventy years before its publication or a hundred years from the date of fixation. Consequently, it also extends the copyright for musical performers works contained in the recordings (Craig, 2011, p.226). According to McCormack (2010), the Canadian Intellectual Property Office defines performers’ performances. It states that copyright applies to a performer’s performance provided that it occursRead MoreThe Importance of Internet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims1710 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims In 1980s, the Internet developed, and this brought about the growth of the file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, electronic mail (e-mail), and World Wide Web (WWW) as online services. The development has caused major challenges for copyright law. Digital technologies and Internet services have facilitated the reproduction and worldwide copyright dissemination easy and high-speed quantities with the protected works at no qualityRead MoreThe Copyright Law Of Canada Connected With An Ethical Line Within Music Sharing1672 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper discusses the copyright law in Canada connected with an ethical line in music sharing. Before embarking on the discussion, it is imperative to understand what copyright entails under the umbrella of intellectual property; the latter refers to intangible property, which is entirely a creation of the mind (Alexander Penalver, 2012, p. 188). Copyright is the exclusive right granted to the original author of literary work. In this effect, i t prevents other people from using an authorshipRead MoreEssay on Legislation of ICT1190 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced stop these three things: 1. Unauthorised access to computer material. 2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences. 3. Unauthorised modification of computer material. -Copyright, designs and patents act in 1989 The act gives the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works the right to control the ways in which their material may be used. The rights cover: broadcast and public performance, copyingRead MoreImportance Of Copyright Laws On The Globalized And Digital Era1563 Words   |  7 Pages Copyright Name of the Student Name of the Institution Copyright The importance of copyright laws in the globalized and digital era cannot be gainsaid. The protection given to any form of creation is critical in ensuring that it is not abused by third parties (Atkinson, 2007). For example, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (the movie) is a Copyright Warner Brothers. In the event that Warner Brothers wants to release a new movie or produce a book on Harry Porter, they use copiesRead MoreA; Lkdf775 Words   |  4 Pagesbound by the terms of this agreement. If you do not agree with the terms of this license agreement, the software must be removed, including any installation files and archival files. The software is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws and by international treaties. You acknowledge that no title to the intellectual property in the software is transferred to you. You further acknowledge that title and full ownership rights to the software will remain the exclusive propertyRead MoreWhy A Property Should Be Protected Or Not : Originality And Reproducibility1413 Words   |  6 Pagesreproducibility nature of the art. In an era of an overflow of information and easy access to technology, it is easy to think that digital art or technology do not need to be protected; however, through public awareness or the establishment of strict regulations and standards, these intellectual property should too be protected (QiaoSharon). To elaborate on the process of purchasing a font, in most countries, when a consumer purchases a font, they have the right to use the license to the font softwareRead MoreThe European Court Of Justice Case : Pez Hejduk V Energy Agentur.nrw Gmbh Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesjudgment at the expense of the defendant. That Energie Agentur has infringed her copyright for making her photographs publicly available without her consent and without providing a statement of authorship. Ms Hejduk in justifying the selection of that jurisdiction relies on Article 7(2) Regulation 1215/2012. Energie Agentur raised an objection to the issue of jurisdiction, that the Handelsgericht Wien lacked international and local jurisdiction, claiming that its website is not directed at AustriaRead MoreMedia Piracy And Copyright Issues1671 Words   |  7 PagesMedia piracy and copyright issues have been seen as a huge issue in the history of national and international law. These issues have grown to greater concern up to this point in time because of the advancements in technology, the ease of stealing information, and the accepting culture of copying, sharing and redistributing copyright material. It has become a part of our daily lives like downloading music from YouTube through third-party sites, pirating movies from online websites through torrents

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay - 1113 Words

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Sir Gawain Faces Temptation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sir Gawain was known as a noble and honest man who was willing to stare death in the face to protect King Arthur. However, the courtly Sir Gawain is submitted to the unexpected—not to the test he expects, but to one he does not expect (qtd. in Spearing). The underlying theme throughout the entire poem is temptation, which, is Sir Gawain’s greatest challenge because he is not aware of it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; He faltered not nor feared nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;But quickly went his way, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;His road was rough and weird,†¦show more content†¦The opposition between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight began when the knight entered the kings hall on New Years Eve. He challenged anyone present to strike him with an axe, providing that he could do the same one-year later. Gawain, not wanting the King to partake in such a game, takes up the challenge and cuts off the Green Knight’s Berry 3 head. The knight then, picks up his head, and tells Gawain to meet him at the Green Chapel in one year. Gawain goes searching for the Green Chapel ten months later. He stays at a nearby castle for Christmas and New Years, entertained by the Lord’s wife. At the end of each day Gawain was to exchange with the lord whatever he had gained. While the Lord is off hunting, his wife, â€Å"attempts his [Gawain’s] chastity† (Stone 11). However, the wife can do no more than kiss Gawain, for he would not allow it. The wife of the Lord tries one more time to seduce the noble knight in his bed. This time she is dressed much more provocatively. Gawain, amazed at her appearance, says: â€Å"God love you gracious lady† (Norton 234). Further, he is happy that a very beautiful woman like the Lord’s wife spends time talking with him: â€Å"it is a pleasure surpassing†¦ it comforts my hurt†Show MoreRelatedSir Gawain And The Green Knight1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† a protagonist emerges depicting an Arthurian knight named Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes initiative by accepting the challenge requested by the Green Knight in place of his uncle. He undergoes a perilous adventure, seeking for the Green Knight to recei ve the final blow. Although Sir Gawain is not viewed as a hero for his military accomplishments, he is, however, viewed as a heroic figure by the Knights at the Round Table for hisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight862 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author referred to as the â€Å"Pearl Poet,† we are introduced to Sir Gawain. Gawain is a knight of the Round Table and he is also the nephew of King Arthur. As a knight, Gawain is expected to possess and abide by many chivalrous facets. Throughout the poem he portrays many of the qualities a knight should possess, such as bravery, courtesy, and honor among others. Because of his ability to possess these virtues even when tempted to stray away from themRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight compares a super natural creature to nature. The mystery of the poem is ironic to the anonymous author. The story dates back into the fourteenth century, but no one knows who originally wrote the poem. This unknown author explains in the poem of Sir Gawain not knowing of the location of the Green Chapel and or who the Green Knight really is. This keeps the reader entertained with the suspicion of not knowing. The author then does not give his name orRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight contains ambiguity and irony that make it interesting to read and teach. Gawain’s conflict arose when he accepted the girdle that could protect him and when he lied to his host, severing fellowship with the lord for courtesy with the lady. By utilizing a social reconstructionist philosophy of teaching that emphasizes personal beliefs and ethics, a teacher will help the students establish their identities and learn to appreciate classic literature. Sir Gawain and theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1514 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is an epic poem written in the mid to late fourteenth century by an unknown author. Throughout the tale, Sir Gawain, a Knight at the Round Table in Camelot, is presented with many hardships, the first being a challenge on Christmas by a man in which, â€Å"Everything about him was an elegant green† (161). This â€Å"Green Knight† challenged someone in Camelot to accept his game which they will chop off his head with his axe and the Green Knight will do the same to the playerRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ironic Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight906 Words   |  4 Pagesusually the latter. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight we see Sir Bertilak go off to hunt three very specific animals as a game with Sir Gawain. They agree that â€Å"what ever [Bertilak catches] in the wood shall become [Sir Gawain’s], and what ever mishap comes [Sir Gawain’s] way will be given to [Bertilak] in exchange.† (Sir Gawain†¦, ln 1105-1007). In this deal we slowly see Gawain loose his honor as paralleled with Sir B ertilak’s hunt. The first animal that is hunted by the knight is a deer, while thisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesFall 16 Donnelly Many years ago, knights were expected to form a certain type of relationship with their king, this relationship was otherwise known as fealty. Fealty is a knight’s sworn loyalty to their king (in other words a loyal relationship should be formed between the two). The use of this relationship is shown in the poem called â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† ( the author is unknown). This poem has a classic quest type of formula, with a knight receiving a challenge and then going outRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1455 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, for Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight temptation existed around every corner while he was playing the game of the Green Knight. Temptation existed every day and each day it existed in a new way. Gawain never knew what was coming his way throughout the grand scheme of the game, but one thing was for certain he was being tested. Without his reliance religious faith and dedication to his reputation, Gawain wo uld not have been able to make it through the game of the Green Knight alive andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Sir Gawain, from â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† translated by Marie Borroff, and Beowulf, from Beowulf translated by Burton Raffel, serve as heroes in different times of Medieval English Literature. Many of the basic principles that describe heroes in Medieval Literature are seen in both of these characters even though they were written in different times. There are distinct similarities, differences, and also a progression of what the hero was in English literature, between Sir Gawain and

The Role And Nature Of Suffering In Christianity And Buddhism

Question: Discuss about the Role And Nature Of Suffering In Christianity And Buddhism. Answer: The Role and Nature of Suffering in Buddhism and Christianity Suffering has always been an integral part of human lives. Generally, suffering results from the awareness of lack of harmony within the environment which is characterized by feelings of loss and abandonment (Fitzpatrick et al., 2015). Suffering is inevitable for living organisms. Consequently, different religions have had an interest in suffering theoretically and in public debates. In different religions suffering has different purposes such as punishment and creating awareness. Therefore, this essay explores the role and nature of suffering in Buddhism and Christianity. Suffering can be defined as an act that is associated with physical and emotional pain. In both religions, suffering can be attributed to peoples deeds. In addition, in Christianity, suffering can be a form of punishment from God (Singarayar, 2016). In Buddhism, suffering is due to cravings and ignorance as will be illustrated below. However, in both it is still painful, purposeful and a way to test people. For example, Buddhists use suffering in meditation to understand the nature of suffering in order to overcome it. Similarly, Christians suffer willingly because Christ suffered. Further, both religions acknowledge that suffering is a process that entails a lot of stages to overcome. Conclusively, the nature of suffering is similar to both religions. Buddhism is centered around the Four Noble Truths which are accredited to Gotama Buddha. The first Noble Truth is dukkha which refers to how unsatisfying life is (Kang, 2011). According to this Truth, materiality, feeling, mental formations, consciousness and perception make up a human being (Teasdale and Chaskalson (Kulananda), 2011). In summary, these components are referred to as suffering. Additionally, birth, death, and aging are regarded as suffering. Dukkha exists in three forms (Ingram and Loy, 2005). First, the normal physical and emotional pain we are all accustomed to. Second, the lack of permanence in life. Though we may enjoy life, we are faced with the impending time of our death. The third is dukkha refers to the lack of self. The cause of this suffering is said to be craving which is described in terms of sensuality, existence, and non-existence. The second Noble Truth is used to explain how ignorance leads to suffering. This is done through the pa?icca-samupp?da doctrine (Kang, 2011). It has twelve links that start with ignorance and end with suffering. The components in the links include ignorance, activities, base of sense, form, name, consciousness, clinging, craving, becoming, feeling, suffering and birth. The third Noble Truth is the ending of suffering through the elimination of craving and ignorance (Eltschinger, 2013). This state, Nibb?na, is the highest point of spirituality in this religion (Kang, 2011). This is attained through the Fourth Noble Truth that provides a path with eight components which are the view, thought, speech, action, livelihood, concentration, effort, and mindfulness. Therefore, Buddhism regards suffering as a state to be liberated from. On the other hand, based on the scriptures, suffering makes Christians trust in God and live by his teachings. According to Paul, individuals can be controlled by forces that hinder them from doing Gods will. These forces are ruled by the flesh which separates human beings from God and nature. However, God has provided salvation to save mankind from the punishment of sin which is hell. In the old testament, God used prophets to make sure His followers abide by His rules. In the new testament, He sent His son to face suffering through prosecution and death (Ingram and Loy, 2005). On this account, Christians continue with His work and share in His suffering. Moreover, in Christianity suffering is characterized in martyrdom. Martyrdom is the act of persevering through suffering due to ones religious belief. Furthermore, it can be regarded as a way to witness for Jesus Christ. There exist two types of martyrs that are the red and white ones (Greene-McCreight, 2015). Red martyrs are those who die because of their faith while white martyrs exercise the act of cruciform in their everyday lives. According to the scriptures, Christians are called to suffer for the sake of Jesus Christ. With this affirmation, Christians can withstand suffering. This also unifies them as they share in the suffering of Christ. In both religions, suffering is a form of punishment. In Christianity, one suffers when they lead a sinful life, with the eventual punishment being hell. In Buddhism, karma is a form of punishment based on what person is. The understanding of karma is what happens based on what someone becomes due to the motivations of their actions (Ingram and Loy, 2005). For example, those whose deeds are motivated by greed, delusion and ill will manipulate people which eventually alienates them leading to suffering. Meanwhile, those whose deeds are motivated by kindness attract kindness in return. The reason for the ill motivations is the human beings sense of lack. For Christians, the sense of lack leads to sin while for Buddhists it leads to karma. In both cases, the solution is found in life after death. Finally, Christians believe heaven to be their paradise while Buddhists believe in Nirvana. In biblical teachings, God plays a part in eliminating human suffering. In the old testament, God wrote the ten commandments for people to follow to avoid sin. Later, He sent prophets to communicate to people His will. Eventually, He sent His son to die on the cross and save mankind. Clearly, God has consistently helped to ease human suffering. On the contrary, Buddhism does not recognize God in the elimination of suffering (Ingram and Loy, 2005). The teachings of Buddhism encourage individuals to seek awareness through the eightfold path to get rid of suffering. In both Christianity and Buddhism, suffering plays a significant role in mysticism. In light of the above descriptions of the two religions, Buddhists view suffering as a problem that needs to be understood then solved hence liberation. On the other hand, Christians should accept suffering in form of a mystery which they should endure in compassion since they are participating in the suffering of Christ. The aforementioned is the general approach to suffering for both religions. Additionally, there are other approaches that illustrate the role of suffering in mysticism in both religions. The first approach defines the two religions in relation to crucifixion and suffering. A Buddhist experiences death and suffering differently when compared to the average person (Urbaniak, 2014). The average person experiences physical and emotional pain and suffering. Contrary, an enlightened Buddhist experiences only the physical pain and suffering through the teachings of lack of self. Moreover, death loses its meaning for the enlightened one since after dying one experiences Nirvana not rebirth. In Christianity, the crucifixion of Christ symbolizes the crucifixion of self which leads to rebirth without sin. This differs from Buddhism which doesnt recognize the existence of the self. Therefore, there is no crucifixion. The second approach is related to how Christians and Buddhists experience suffering. Christians welcome suffering as it is their way to experience spiritual freedom where they are free from sin and share in Christs suffering. This is beneficial to Christians because they know when they suffer for Christ they are not alone and their faith is strengthened. In fact, Jesus encouraged His followers to forget about themselves and carry their cross (Urbaniak, 2014). For Buddhists, meditating on suffering creates a sense of awareness which can be used to overcome suffering. In addition, as stated by Tibetan Buddhists, it encourages empathy hence one is able to show compassion to other people. Understanding suffering in this way also helps one to overcome worry and stress during illnesses. As illustrated Christianity and Buddhism approach suffering differently. However, there are two similarities in the two religious approaches. First, they acknowledge that suffering is part of our existence (Urbaniak, 2014). This is defined in the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism and salvation in Christianity. Second, they provide a way for human beings to overcome suffering to a place where there is peace. For Buddhists, the eightfold path leads to enlightenment and nirvana after death. For Christianity, the salvation which is freedom from sin leads to eternal life after death. Ultimately, though different the two religions appreciate suffering and use it as a means to acquire freedom and ultimate happiness. In conclusion, essentially, Buddhism is a religion based on enlightenment while Christianity is based on faith. Through Buddhism, suffering is understood as a state that exists due to ignorance and can be eliminated through enlightenment. Christianity depicts suffering as a way of sharing in the work of Christ. In both cases, to be free of suffering one must first be rid of self. In Buddhism, the lack of self gets rid of the sense of lack while in Christianity Jesus said to save ones life one must lose it. In light of the above, the two religions complement each other. Bibliography Eltschinger, V. (2013). The Four Nobles Truths and Their 16 Aspects: On the Dogmatic and Soteriological Presuppositions of the Buddhist Epistemologists Views on Ni?caya.Journal of Indian Philosophy, 42(2-3). Fitzpatrick, S., Kerridge, I., Jordens, C., Zoloth, L., Tollefsen, C., Tsomo, K., Jensen, M., Sachedina, A. and Salma, D. (2015). Religious Perspectives on Human Suffering: Implications for Medicine and Bioethics.Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), pp.159-173. Greene-McCreight, K. (2015). Martyrdom as Christian vocation: United in suffering.The Christian Century, pp.41-42. Ingram, P. and Loy, D. (2005). The Self and Suffering: A Buddhist-Christian Conversation.Dialog: A Journal of Theology, 44(1), pp.101-110. Kang, C. (2011). Sarkar on the Buddha's Four Noble Truths.Philosophy East and West, 61(2), pp.303-323. Singaraar, J. (2016). God uses suffering to accomplish His purposes in our lives.The Priest, pp.10-13. Teasdale, J. and Chaskon (Kulananda), M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: the nature and origins of dukkha.Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), pp.89-102. Urbaniak, J. (2014). Suffering in the mystical traditions of Buddhism and Christianity.HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 70(1).